Dramatic power and for ending the play in confusion Essay

The terminal flirt of Translations is an act in which Yolland reverses up as missing, so creating a number of stories as to the circumstances of his disappearance. The final act of Translations move indeed be criticised for lacking dramatic power, as throughout the act in that location is no particular build up of accent that leads to single signifi shagt event. It potbelly be seen that what hazards to Yolland is fairly predictable hence the dramatic power is not present.The act flush toilet also be seen as cease in confusion as there is no definitive point that tells us exactly what each character goes on to do. But despite this, the statement whitethorn be questioned as was it Brian Friels purpose to do this? Perhaps by closinging the exercise with a lack of dramatic power and in confusion, he has left the remain of the play and the events leading on from it eat up to the imagination of the reader.In the final act of Translations, everything flows along in a kind of instruction that doesnt give dramatic power, as the subject and the dramatic power it radiates is the alike as it was in the beginning of the play. The subject is still the same, being that of the changing of place names and its effect on the people of Ireland, and it never changes, and then the readers energise not experienced a build up of focus to an exciting and unannounced event.The very fact that Yolland, a British spend loathed by many Irish as he is changing Irish place names, has had a relationship with Maire, a pretty young Irish girl whom Manus also likes, tells us that it may be seeming that something will happen to him at the end of the play as he has caused much dislike for himself from those in the play receivable to these things. Therefore, this also causes a lack of dramatic power when he eventually goes missing in act ternary, as it gage be argued that it was bound to happen and could have been predicted by the readers.The final act of Translations als o lacks dramatic power due to its echoes and rings (that is, repetitions) to previous parts of the play. Brian Friel has woven in many an echo and resonance into the structure of the play, and this also causes a lack of dramatic power as the points that have been made in previous parts of the play ar just being repeated over in act three.However, although it can be argued that there is a considerable lack of dramatic power, this may only be a lack in a bodily sense, i.e. a lack of physical dramatic power, such as a fight pickings place or someone being killed at heart the narration of the play. Throughout act three, characters emotions run high, and dramatic power can be seen as being expressed through their emotions. An example can be seen with Sarah mumbling her regret for not being able to plow more fluently. Im good-for-nothingIm sorry Im so sorry, Manus This use of few row repeating themselves, and the use of a. eclipsis symbolises her not being able to richly express h er feelings fully through language as her linguistic talents is limited.The act has also been criticised for ending in confusion, and this may be down to many points which emerge throughout Act three.The final act ends with an ellipsis, in that Hugh ends with, would come forth from Lybias downfall If this final speech had end with a full stop, then perhaps this would have signified the end of an era or the end of a build up to events. However, the ellipsis suggests that the process is on difference, and it is not clear where the process is leading, or what it is leading to. Therefore, we cant directly determine what happens at the end of the play, as there appears to be no definitive end to it. The ellipsis suggests that something will happen following the end of the play, up to now the readers bent made clear as to what that will be.Another reason as to why the act has been criticised for ending in confusion is that we (as the readers) are not clear as to what finally happens to Yolland, or who is responsible for him going missing. We only have our suspicions to work with in trying to grow an ending to the story. It seems suspicious that Manus leaves right remote after it has been discovered that Yolland is missing, as Owen points out, Clear out now and Lanceyll bet youre involved somehow. Therefore, the readers may form suspicions about whos involved, until now this shows how the play ends in confusion as no-one can determine what has happened to him.The play ends in confusion as all of the characters are ended on a depressing note, with none of them showing exactly where they are going to go on to or what theyll end up doing in life. The one thing we know is that Maire is going to go on to learn English, yet we are not told what that will take her on to. None of the characters draw what they will go on to do in life, yet each is ended in a dismal way with Jimmy damn going mad and Yolland having gone missing. This demonstrates why the play has been criticised for ending in confusion, as the readers must only imagine what the characters go on to do. However, this may also have been purposeful by Friel to let audiences use their imaginations and minds to create an ending to the play.Another way of interpreting this is by saying that Brian Friel has not ended the play in that much confusion, as by taking information from the history books, and by using our own knowledge, it is clear as to what happens to Ireland following on from the end of the play. Ireland does go on to be taken over completely by England, and all the place names are changed form Irish to English. Therefore, it can also be argued that the play does end in confusion but only to a certain result as we (as readers) at least know the fate of Ireland.Therefore, the points that Brian Friel ends act three in confusion and with a lack of dramatic power can be agreed upon but can also be argued against as Brian Friel may have ended in such a way for a purpose, that be ing to allow the reader to use their imagination in creating the end of a story.

Curriculum Development Essay

1. What is K-12 course of study? What is the rationale of K-12 curriculum? K- 12 is a be afteration for the sum of principal(a) and indirect coil cultivation. It is employ in the United States, Canada, Philippines and Australia. It means manakinergarten and the twelve years of elementary and secondary education. The kindergarten refers to the 5-year old unit that takes a standardized kinder curriculum. The elementary education refers to primary schooling that involves six or seven years of education and the secondary education refers to high school. The main purpose of K-12 Program is to provide competent time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, inferior skills ripening, employment, and entrepreneurship.The outcome goals of the K-12 Basic cultivation Program is to make Philippine education standards to be at balance with international standards, to create more emotionally mature graduates equipped w ith adept and vocational skills who are better on the watch for work, middle level skills development and higher education, to make the educational inputs all-important(a)ly addressed shortages or gaps, to make the improvement of basic education outcomes broadened and strengthened the stakeholder support, to improve internal efficiency, system of governance in the department and case of teachers. 2. Essentialists point of view of curriculum development?The curriculum is a of the essence(p) comp anent of any educational unconscious motion. It addresses questions such as what students should learn and be able to do, why, how, and how well. In the past, the curriculum was designed merely from the perspective of its heathen transmission functions with its structure consequently reflecting discrete areas of knowledge. According to Kern it is likely to use a six- ill-treat approach to curriculum development for Medical Education 1. Problem identification and general needs assess mentThe most important step is the first one, the general needs assessment (GNA). The goal of step 1 is to focus the curriculum, by defining the deficits in knowledge, attitude, or skills that soon exist in practitioners and the ideal approach to teaching and learning these objectives. When completed, the GNA makes a strong argument for the need for the curriculum and identifies potential educational explore questions.2. Needs assessment of targeted learnersThe general needs assessment is applied to targeted learners. What kind of doctor do we want to educate it depends mostly on friendly needs but it can reflect job opportunities, financial rewards and attitudes acquired during serve of studding. Sometimes it is very difficult to make balance between these several(prenominal) needs. Needs can be obtained on different ways. It can be done through study of errors in practice. It is very difficult to design curriculum which will fully meet the needs of society and students3. Goals and objectives creative activity should define overall goals and aims for the curriculum. circumstantial measurable knowledge, skill/ performance, attitude, and bidding objectives should be stated for the curriculum.4. Educational strategiesIt is necessary to make a plan how to maximize the impact of the curriculum, which content should be allow ind, how content should be organized and with which educational methods, how elements of curriculum should communicate, what kind of educational environment and climate should be developed. gist which is included mustiness provide to student critical thinking. It must be selected and organized on the way to initiate critical approach to facts and development skill of information retrieval.5. ImplementationA plan for implementation, including timelines and resources required, should be created. A plan for faculty development is made to assure consistent implementation. 6. rating and feedback Evaluation of curriculum presents the final stage inside cyclic process of improvement and development of curriculum. 3. Why develop a curriculum? always since the term curriculum was added to educators vocabularies, it has seemed to convey many things to many people. To some, curriculum has denoted a specific course, while to others it has meant the entire educational environment. Whereas percepts of the term may vary, it must be recognized that curriculum encompasses more than a simple definition. computer program is a identify element in the educational process its stage setting is extremely broad, and it touches virtually everyone who is involved with teaching and learning. In no other area has greater emphasis been placed upon the development of curricula that are relevant in terms of student and community needs and substantive outcomes. The passage and technical and technical curriculum focuses not only on the educational process but also on the tangible results of that process. This is only one of many reasons why the career and technical and technical curriculum is characteristic in relation to other curricular areas and why career and technical education curriculum planners must have a sound perceptiveness of the curriculum development process. 4. What to consider in curriculum development?In planning and developing a curriculum, you should consider the following1. Convening a Curriculum Development CommitteeSuch a committee, consisting primarily of teachers who jibe the various schools and grade levels in a regulate, administrators, members of the public and perhaps students, becomes the hotheaded force for curriculum change and the long-term process of implementing the curriculum. It is critical that an effective, educated and respected chairperson lead such a committee and it includes internal and committed members who gradually become the districts de facto experts during the development phases of the process as well as the implementation phases.2. Identifying Key Issues and Tren ds in the Specific Content Area The first step in any curriculum development process involves research that reviews recent issues and trends of the discipline, both within the district and across the nation. This research allows a curriculum committee to identify key issues and trends that will support the needs assessment that should be conducted and the philosophy that should be developed.3. Assessing Needs and IssuesCurriculum development should be viewed as a process by which meeting student needs leads to improvement of student learning. heedless of the theory or model followed, curriculum developers should gather as often information as possible. This information should include the desired outcomes or expectations of a high quality program, the role of assessment, the current status of student doing and actual program content. The information should also consider the concerns and attitudes of teachers, administrators, parents and students. The data should include samples of assessments, lessons from teachers, assignments, scores on state standardized tests, textbooks currently used, student perception and feedback from parents.

The human mind is a delicate thing

The homo musical theme is a delicate thing. At times it can create much(prenominal) wonderful ideas beautiful art, drama and works of fiction scientific tools to enrich our lives. Yet it has a dark side, a side people like to keep hidden. However there are events which can bring this to the muster My name is John Frederson this is my taleIt was about ten years ago now, I was at the height of my childhood and life was wonderful. My parents were wealthy aristocrats who own a vast estate, one that easily spanned the length of three footb exclusively pitches it was like our own private country. The garden brimmed with greenery there were shrubs and trees everywhere, raise by the beautiful roses, tulips and foxgloves creating a living rainbow. If you listened close enough Im accredited the flowers sang along with the chorus instigated by the angelic doves and nightingales the heavenly descent was comparable to that of any church choir. instanter the house, or I should vocalise mansion, we lived in was non as magical as the garden, just a large house, not quite a mansion. There were everyday appliances and rheumy floorboards which added to the character of the abode it was most like a grand pose to me, providing soothe warmth and security. But that was nothing compared the loving embrace of my parents. Both of them voteless working, honest people they cleaned the house, tended the gardens and cooked the meals all themselves, they didnt believe in maids or butlers. I loved them more than anything in this world, and thanks to my home tutoring they were the still friends I had. Then one day it happened.Miles Come here my boy my father called to me, so at once I hurried over as fast as I could (he was not a man you unplowed waiting). Yes daddy what do you need?Well your mother is away in the car so perhaps you could cycle put through to the store and carry a jar of coffee and pint of milk for me? I wasnt positive(predicate) whether that manner of spea king was put on or if he genuinely did speak so exaggeratedly. But I quickly dispelled these thoughts and sauntered off down the country road to the local supermarket. Looking stern, I realise that I was very lucky father sent me out that day. I cant succor but wonder, did he know what would happen?I returned to the living way to find my mother and father had been murdered, slaughtered mercilessly by something not human no one but a demon could commit such an atrocity. Their bodies were sliced up, chopped like vegetables, their heads no longer attached this was sort of all displayed upon our finest dinner service, the heads retaining their tragic expressions of fear. As if that wasnt enough, the neurotic bastard had withal drawn, in blood, a gigantic, smiling side across the wall.I frankly didnt know how to react. I kept a tight hold of the plastic handle of the bag. My hand was ripe with sweat. My eyes gazed, unblinking, upon the scene. I look back now and wonder why I did nt shed any separate then. Maybe my emotions were so mixed. Feelings of anger. Feelings of sorrow. All of them trying to claw their way to the bulge but in vain. I didnt express what I felt. In integrity I didnt know how to. My head was doing somersaults and there was little I could do. I just remained in the doorway, gripping the bag, all the while glaring at the gruesome scene. I regained control of my body and at once proceeded to glance the atrocious face. Before I could get close enough, crash The mirror above the mantelpiece fell to the floor shattering into a one million million million fragments.Days, months and years passed yet I retained my youth. The house did not it was fluent standing, but withered and decayed. I still showed no sign of expression. The feelings were get stronger I felt myself becoming unstable.No I am not going insane I said to myself over and over at the time, ironic really. The important thing is to get help. Then everything will be better, muc h better. Speaking aloud was one of the few comforts I enjoyed. But where could I get help? The police think Im at peace(predicate) I cant let them to know Im alive. All my hard work would reach been for nothing if that were the case. After-all, a dead boy cannot kill I was sublime of having such a wonderful idea, father was proud too. Since I was declared dead in absentia I was no longer a person. As far as the law were concerned I was a remains in the ground. I would be their last possible suspect. Its brilliant Now to hunt my prey and make him suffer for what hes done. Then Ill be all better isnt that right mummy?Rummaging through dusty furniture and cobwebbed walls I searched for the ameliorate implement, brutal yet stylish. Something like a sword. That would be perfect and deliciously ironic the killer murdered by the same weapon he used. Father did you keep any swords? In the study you swear? Oh marvellous I skipped to my fathers old work room filled with a great sense of anticipation I would have the key to discharge my mind from these shackles. Once I entered the room there it was, displayed upon the wall in all its glory, yet the blade was sullied by a deep flushed stain. I took it down and grasped it strongly in my right hand. It felt pleasant, almost warm. It offered protection and redemption, yet also wrought pain and suffering neer was there such a poetic weapon. Smiling manically but happily, I left the house. It was time to have my revenge.Rain. Wet and miserable, it shrouded Belle-View house in a haunting grey mist.Doctor Robertson, may I have a word? Jeanne, the carer, called out.Yes? What do you need? the tall old man replied, his face was covered in a fine fur he was clinging conscientiously to the little hair that still occupied his head.Patient number 33 John Frederson. He hasnt had any medication for three whole eld now and people are starting to become disturbed by his screaming and detestable giggling. Permission to tranqui llise him before he hurts himself? she seemed hard put although she would never admit it.Yes yes go ahead, he took a deep sigh, if only they knew the truth.

The role of the teaching assistant in developing childrens learning

Historic ally, learning champions, or aides as they were sometimes formerly known, were non learning grownups who helped qualified instructors by transporting reveal twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours preceding(prenominal) and administrative undertakings and supplying arcadian attention to kids. ( Clayton. 1993 ) However, in 1998, the Local governance Chronicle published a sum-up of a Green Paper, ( LGC, 1998 ) , in which they draw proposals for using a greater figure of support module 20,000 by the twelvemonth 2002 in order to supply more support for instructors. The sum-up anyhow announced the authorities s suggestions for a more effectual fashion of, and better preparation for, learning associates and other school day support staff which, along with a subsequent OfSTED reappraisal, ( 2002a, p6 ) declargond the demand for preparation that would, cap fit any proposed construction of makings and to ease calling patterned advance. The execution of issue occup ational criterions for learning helpers, approved in 2001, and the HLTA position introduced in 2003, ( TDA, 2008 ) offered committed support staff the chance to come on and get the accomplishments to go more complete pedagogues. Working as a management helper started to go a calling and so began the existent argument well-nigh the croak of the information helper.As with many occupation rubrics within the running(a) environment, the rubric instruction helper is often interpreted in a assortment of ways but one common subject I have encountered, when oppugning educational staff, is that all learning helpers have the possible to be facilitators of acquisition and therefore are indispens up to(p) elements in the development of larning for kids. How the facilitation is carried out, nevertheless(prenominal), is less clear and unfastened to single interpret by both employers and employees.In order to top up the acquisition of all kids, learning helpers, uniform any pedagogue, need to hold a good apprehension of how kids learn. In the book, dogma and Learning in the Early Old ages, Whitebread ( 2008, chapter 1 ) discusses Piaget s thoughts that kids need to pay suffer and keep control over their acquisition. Whitebread continues by researching Vygotsy s claims that it is the purpose of the grownup to supply chances for societal interaction and to back up the kid in traveling out of their comfort zone or degree of existent development and towards their possible via their zone of proximal development. To firebrand this, a instruction helper must understand how to advance oppugn amongst kids while supplying chances for treatment and geographic expedition. With current house sizes in the part of up to 30 learners, a kin instructor will frequently be unable to prosecute in this critical panorama of developing kids s acquisition and so it is indispensable that back uping grownups are equipped with the accomplishments to scaffold larning and to suppl y chances for them to develop the linguistic communication needful to be able to discourse and explicate their thoughts. ( Bruner 1983, cited in Peabody Journal of Education, pp 64-66 ) of late I was fortunate to be hazard of an enterprise to advance course session amongst a group of loath students who had formulated an sentiment that reading was a job to be undertaken with animus and merely when instructed to reap so. Upon probe, it was obvious that these kids had encountered a assortment of barriers that had influenced their attitude and ability to read. My function was that of the enabling grownup as described by Chambers ( 1991 ) . By supplying them with an chance to portion and discourse each other s reading experiences I was able to advance and animate in them a willingness and enjoyment of reading. The result of this apace became evident in their apprehension of written text. The kids besides began composing with enthusiasm, utilizing their personal cognition and expe riences as a consequence, they had taken control of their ain acquisition. The kids s vocal responses demonstrated that they felt empowered by the fact that they were clean responsible for the advancement that they were doing and they continue to bask our hebdomadal treatments about their reading and advancement.The kids mentioned do non hold particular educational demands, as is frequently the character for students be supported by a instruction helper. Children with SEN necessitate a higher degree of support and this has, traditionally, been provided by learning helpers. ( Alborz et al, 2009a ) This has antecedently been an rude for argument with The Daily Telegraph ( 2009 ) printing an bind claiming that research shows that, Students make less advancement in schoolrooms where schools employ more teaching helpers . This article states that learning helpers frequently support lower attaining students, ensuing in them being less supported by a qualified instructor and to th em doing control advancement. The article does non, nevertheless, take into history the preparation of the instruction helpers. While reexamining the impact of work force remodeling, a study by OfSTED ( 2004 ) stated that when a instruction helper is appointed to work with carefully chosen students and is provided with the distract preparation to make so efficaciously, the students make important advancement. This is, of class, every indorsement good as the obvious benefits of supplying the instructor with more pare to concentrate on other students.Having worked alongside several learning helpers employed to back up kids with SEN I have witnessed the unmeasurable benefit to the student and the course of study as a whole. The instruction helpers modifyd the students to be include in a mainstream schoolroom and entree the course of study, while leting the kinfolk instructor to back up the bulk of the students. Their support involved the re-enforcing of the whole category inst ruction, giving the student the assurance to take part in category treatments, simplification of vocabulary, offering congratulations and encouragement and feedback on the completed undertaking. undermentioned the lesson, the instruction helper besides provided the instructor with appraisal and monitoring feedback to enable appraisal of and for larning. This appraisal has become a critical facet of the function of the instruction helper and supports the instructor and student by enabling quality and personalised larning to go every twenty-four hours pattern. ( OfSTED, 2002b )Guidance published by the NFER ( 2002, cited in Department for Education and Skills, 2005, p.22 ) found that when instructors and learning helpers work in partnership, the consequences are a more effectual degree of learning and larning. An object lesson of this is a scenario I have experienced late where a instruction helper supported the acquisition of the bulk of the category while the category instructor focused on the kids with SEN. As a consequence of the instructor and instruction helper holding spent garment works unitedly to be after the lesson, the instruction helper was able to back up the acquisition aims and help students in their accomplishment of them.Teaching helpers dirty dog besides, when included in the planning of a lesson, actively take part in the delivery of the lesson supplying an alternate point of view or by playing a character in function. One such case was provided by my co-worker who, upon gaining that many of the students within the category had misunderstood a cardinal construct, pretended to be confused and raised a paw to inquire for elucidation. As a consequence, students developed a clearer apprehension of the lesson and hence, the instruction helper had played an of import function in developing their acquisition.By implementing a combination of all of these attacks and with effectual preparation and counsel, learning helpers squeeze out supply priceless support for all kids within any lesson.Teaching helpers besides back up behavior direction within categories and usher outnister supply an alternate degree of perceptual experience within the schoolroom. In day-to-day Literacy lessons, I have observed a instruction helper back uping a student with ADHD and have no doubt that without her presence, the category instructor would hold to pass a big counterpoise of the lesson settling the kid and turn toing low degree distractions. Personal experience has shown me that kids with emotional or behavioral troubles are frequently more reactive towards a instruction helper with whom they can hammer a positively charged grownup / kid relationship. This can lend towards the societal and emotional eudaemonia of the kid as outlined by Alborz et Al. ( 2009b ) .Besides the chance to back up kids s larning during lesson clip, learning helpers continue to transport out a battalion of administrative undertakings in order to back up th e category instructor and the school as a whole. The National Agreement, ( ATL et al. 2003, p.2 ) , implemented as portion of the authoritiess workforce remodelling enterprise, states that instructors should non pass their clip transporting out administrative duties that do non do full usage of their accomplishments and expertness but that these undertakings should be carried out by support staff. The understanding outlines 21 undertakings that learning staff should non be required to transport out including the readying of schoolroom resources, run offing, the aggregation of monies for educational visit and the readying and puting up of shows. These undertakings must besides, hence, be considered the work of the instruction helper. Each and every one of the administrative undertakings has an impact on the educational environment and hence contributes towards back uping the development of kids s acquisition. In pattern, nevertheless, the demand for learning helpers to be more invo lved in the bringing of lessons certainly means that they excessively will hold less clip for transporting out administrative responsibilities which in bend might relay these responsibilities back into the custodies of the instructors.In my experience, learning helpers frequently offer unconditioned support for the school in which they are employed. Many carry out responsibilities beyond their working hours supplying curriculum enrichment activities and on a regular basis being at the head of fund raising events. They often are able to supply a connexion between local communities and their schools as they frequently live in close propinquity to their workplace. This is a non indispensable as yet valuable portion of their function as it enables learning staff to be cognizant of local issues and provides a nexus between parents and schools. ( Lipsett, 2008 )In decision, the function of the instruction helper has evolved significantly over recent old ages and can offer committed perso ns with a recognized calling that is both continuous tense and honoring. With appropriate professional development chances, a instruction helper can give priceless support to persons and groups of students, learning staff, parents and schools. By supplying pastoral attention, administrative support and personalised larning they can, every bit outlined in the Governments Every Child Matters enterprise ( DfES, 2003 ) , promote enjoyment and accomplishment in a safe, nurturing environment contribute to the academic and emotional well-being of all kids assist them to go successful members of the school and wider community.

Rapid Changes in Sentencing Structures

With this in effect it gave offenders to reconstruct in prison. With good behavior in prison it could release them instead rather than later (depending on the procedures of the tidings board). The parole board would revue their case and delimitate if the inmate has changed while being incarcerated, and would then be released serving the remainder of their sentence on probation. In the mid CSS, indistinct sentencing began to meet its final days.Indeterminate sentencing received much criticism, expressing that it was inequitable and ineffective and twain too harsh and too lenient, however that it was also impossible to determine a correct or fair sentence for a type of rime (Overview of Sentencing Reforms and Practices, 2000). The primary states to discard the main points on perplexing sentencing and to have the belief that parole should be accessible to nearly all those incarcerated were California and Maine (Toner, 1999).The causes of these changes spanned from the prisoner s themselves, all the trend to the political arena. Prisoners showed just how irate prisoners were with not only the concept of rehabilitation, but also with their living conditions. These issues were brought to the foreground by many prison riots, intimately notably at Attica. On September 3, 1971 , prisoners at the Attica Correctional preparation in New York waged a riot that has been deemed the bloodiest prison confrontation in American history (Attica Revisited, 2006).Roughly 1,300 prisoners took part, taking 40 guards hostage, with demands of improved living conditions, and more educational opportunities and job training skills. In the end, negotiations failed, police took plunk for the prison, but not without 43 deaths, 10 of which were that of the guards held hostage. Prisoners were not happy with the rights that they had when it came to sentencing as well. Many believed that panoptic discretion produced arbitrary ND capricious decisions and that racial and other unfavo urable biases influenced officials (Toner, 1999).Considering that many of those involved in the sentencing and releasing of prisoners are not fount to review, Toner has a valid point. There is no set standard for indeterminate sentencing, so judges had fairly free reign as to sentences. And it seemed to some, that criminals of contrasting races and classes were often given vastly different sentences for committing the same crime, otherwise know as sentencing disparity. Even though incarceration should be about rehabilitating prisoners and leasing them back into society as productive members, unfortunately it has become about politics.Those cart track for office al ways want to appear to be tough on crime, and indeterminate sentencing appears to some to be too soft. Allowing prisoners to earn their freedom originally they have served their maximum sentence is not punishment in the eyeball of those that believe prisoners should be locked up and made to do hard time. The creative thinker of rehabilitation itself was also challenged. Between 1970-2000, parole rates were deteriorating. According to the American Criminal Law Review, fifteen tastes had done away with parole and cardinal states had severe restrictions in place by 2000 (Rehear, 201 1).Those offenders, who continued to commit crimes, change surface after being granted parole time and time again, undermined the rule that parole was part of rehabilitation. As you can see, many factors came to a motion to in producing rapid changes In sentencing structures, and there is no doubt that changes go away not end there. Corrections is always reviewing their system, and making assessments as to what plant and what doesnt, and trying to come up with more cost effective ways to deal tit prisoners and how to rehabilitate them all while punishing them as well.

Response to Journeys End Essay

In the novel Stanhope has the more or less physical status, not profuse because of his rank except excessively because mass look up to him. Stanhope may rank the tender hierarchy level amongst his f anyer comrades still at he prowess he is emotion exclusivelyy distraught, he does not show this and somehow stays head strong, on the divergent hand there is Hilbert who is tired and has lost(p) every last(predicate) hope and hates the war and so decides he would standardized to allure out claiming that he has neuralgia and he is unsloped laborious to find modes to get home. To name a dugout like entrance we set up a few plinths on surpass of each early(a) and the lined c tomentum cerebris up behind it creating a walking which was on the width of our shoulders, this friended us to show great emphasis in our gestus as we clambered in and out of the trench.shop Two Lighting/ presentOur degree set was precise negligibleistic so that we could re-create what it would be like to be in a trench, to facilitate us adapt and score this we set up chairs as a border and them established a rule stating that venturing out cheek the border was forbidden. For our converge we had only a few lights on stage, we did this to try and achieve the same amount of minimal lighting to a greater extent everywhere as it would be in the trench. In peerless of our lesson we even employ live candles to help number the low illuminated and damp surrounding of a trench and we similarly cramped all of the furniture together to make ourselves adjust to such a low-pitched so space just as the soldiers would have had to in journeys end. shop class Three Cross rawIn our third work shop we focused on the dramatic alpha schema of cross-cutting, first we assemb direct ourselves into hosts with sizes of 2-4 people and then we had to moot a scene from the book and re-enact it use the dramatic strategy of cross-cutting. My pigeonholing chose the scene where R iley dies from a battle wound. To add the ele custodyt of cross cutting we showed a small helping of the scene where riley dies and then we had 2 other scenes which showed his arrival to the regiment, and an argument with Stanhope.The final scene which was a vital p artwork to our small con joinmation include an extended, and more detailed version of rileys death. The fashion that we used cross cutting helped us to raise tautness in the auditory sense and also made the earreach assume a conclusion to our piece or digit assumptions on what it was rough, but the go of cross cutting is that no matter what the reference may approximate the actors always have the ability to twist the last scene and peradventure even end the effect on a cliff-hanger. store Four- white bunsing argonaIn our quaternionth shop class we used the D.E.S Hot seating so that we could have a better take careing and wider knowledge of the geeks in journeys end, the vital part of hot seating is that you do not just pretend to be your chosen reference book but to put yourself in the consultations shoes and wield the characters soulfulnessality, habits and lifestyle. In the work shop we fragmentise ourselves into assemblages of four and then took on characters in the book that we did not know a lot of information about so that we could gain a greater insight into what that character is like.After that we asked our characters questions in which they would have to answer just as their character would as if they were in the same setting as in the book, this gave the other members of the theme a chance to note pull d cause information on what the characters personality is like and what their imaginations are in the book. After we had hot seated each member on their chosen character we reformed with the rest of the class and did the same thing. I think that reforming the class and having a bigger audience was a very clever idea as it widened the variety of questions that could be asked about the character and also gave us a larger insight into the characters lives in the book. I feel this shop went very well because it benefited all in the fashion and we all shared and therefore gained information on the personalities of the characters.Workshop quintette Forum Theatre/Still characterisation/ Thought TrackingFor our ordinal workshop we used the D.E.S forum theatre, by using this strategy it enabled us to adopt feed bottom from the audience live on how we could better our performance. erst we had received this feed back we put it into practise straight away. Our instructor also created a stage set using chairs which enclosed approximately the actors all around apart from the back of the stage this made us feel very exposed imputable to the claustrophobic effect of the stage. Our toil was to perform a small part of the book so that we could receive feedback on how to better our performance, as each group performed their piece our instructor changed the positioning of the stage set too create a different effect on the actors.As we received feedback our peers changed the bow of our piece at one point from a sad and solemn piece to a take placedic and vibrant one. Due to the sudden change in the theme it enabled us to improvise our lines and tint the tone and accent of our voices so that it would match with the theme. some other advantage of the change in them is that we all changed our levels and status when the comedic twist was coordinated. overall I think forum theatre is a great, successful technique. It enhances your performance because you receive ideas and use them to improve your performance.Workshop Six Still image/ Thought TrackingWe used thinking tracking because it helped us fully explain the particular theme of whatever still image we were severe to express, it also helps because there is a lot of unnoticed emotional emphasis within the atmosphere. By using this technique we gave our characters a c hance to expresses themselves in a way that they are too afraid to in appear of their fellow comrades.Emily Davison ProtestsWorkshop One NarrationThis workshop was focused on Emily Davison who was a famous suffragette, who gave her life to stand up for womens rights. In our workshop we worked together as a integral class so that we could introduce umteen different characters that held different views on the thoughts and actions of Emily Davison. Our teacher gave us some information on the history of Emily Davison and her struggle for equal rights amongst the women and men of Britain. We were then to act out a small scene by improvising with the information that we had received, sir picked two people to start the scene and gradually delegate people to join them but first he gave each person a percentage.As we were all issuanceually in the scene he started to narrate and tell us what we were to do by telling a story, this helped give us an under rest of each character which help ed us to call forth the scene with ease although we had no formal script. Next we were all split into two groups and then we had to act out a key event in Emily Davisons life with my group which consisted of four others. Our group had persistent to urge on the age when Emily Davison was sent to prison for the molybdenum time and was or so drowned in her cell, one member of our group became the narrator and the rest of us acted out the scene but we also include still images and thought tracking to equally express the emotions flowing done and through the character at the time.Workshop Two Devised Piece/ Role-playIn the second workshop we had to muse a piece using the information we had received on Emily Davisons history. We were split into groups of four and then we had to plan on what we intended to do, we heady on having 4 scenes in our performance which explained a mass sum of Emily Davisons life in a short amount of time I think that as a group we acted smartly as to only include vital events in her life as it was prevailing to the last scene which was very tense 1. The school classroom that Emily taught in. This included a monologue where a member of our group played as Emily who was talking about her aspirations for the future. 2. A demonstration march to campaign for womens rights. This is after she gains followers who believe in equal rights for women as she does. 3. The prison where Emily was horribly mistreated in. This scene shows the pure brutality of the struggle that Emily Davison went through. 4. The wash drawing track where she died through an act of martyrdom.This scene shows how far Emily Davison went to stand up for what she believed in and unfortunately she paid the ultimate price for it. All of these scenes we included the vital key parts that were needed to help the audience to understand the life, death & history of Emily Davison. To kick downstairs our piece we used dramatic explorative strategies like chorus were we all joined in when shouting at another member of our group during the performance this helps to express the characters emotions or the theme of that particular moment in the play. At one point we also used thought tracking so that we could express the characters inner feelings i.e. when Natalia (Emily) is arrested by the police and taken to court she uses the thought track as an prospect to make the audience aware of her emotion at the time. By developing our own piece based on the history of Emily Davison it allowed us to build our own perspective of her personality and the many a(prenominal) troubles that she faced throughout her life.Workshop Three The Race Track ContrastIn this workshop we had to explore the aspects of each characters physical/emotional level by using contrast, our teacher also gave us some rotary as a stimulant and we were asked to incorporate it into our piece. As a class we decided to use the circle as a way to split the characters in a social aspect i. e. on one side of the rope we had the women and on the other we had the men. To show mass contrast within the group of women we had Emily Davison and two of her fellow campaigners placed away from the large group of housewives. Over on the boys side most of the men who were betting on the race standings were focusing on a member of our group who used physical theatre to constitute that she was a horse by using a mask and using incorporating the element of gestus and physical theatre.The rope is a very strong stimulant drug because its shows highlights the ability and how easy it is to divide relationships, emotions and even society, this was strongly shown in our performance when Emily ran in front of the horse and both sides stopped in fearfulness and then in chorus whispered the woman.the horse at last this whispers grew into shouts and then everyone rushed over to tend to the horses needs. This particular moment shows how in those times society was a lot different and women w ere seen as second class citizen.Although Emily Davison wanted equality for all women, not all women concur with her and some were very comfortable with their life at the time we showed this in our performance by having a member of our group who played the role of a housewife do a thought track which express her hate for what Emily Davison was doing. I think that the rope as a stimulant drug helped us greatly to bring across our point societys clear line between how women and men were respected and seen at the time. The rope also represented how divide societys thoughts were at the time and that only material things such as horse racing we greatly prioritised over the life of a woman who stood up for what she believed in.Rosa position Ride to FreedomWorkshop One Bus Boycott sucker the moment/ Still Image/ Thought Tracking In this workshop we watched a short part of the film Ride to Freedom its about the moment when Rosa Parks was arrested for standing up against macrocosm i nvidious for refusing to give up her seat on a pile for a white person. Our class was split into half and then we worked in groups to recreate the scene that we had watched. Although we had ample opportunities to use many elements of D.E.S we went too far and assay to cram too many things in our performance.Unfortunately the fact that we had so many D.E.S strategies conflicted with the fact that we all had to remember our cues, due to lack of organisation our performance was very slow and robot-like because everyone was trying to do too much that even when improvisation was attempted it greatly lacked in co-ordination which also led to the mass confusion within our minds when on stage. There were some cheeseparing moments in our performance i.e. we used split staging well when I left the scene to get the police officer and everyone on the bus was still carrying on trying to get Rosa off the bus, but other wise I was not very happy with the way our performance went and I have al so learnt a lesson and that is not to over complicate things.Workshop Two Devised piece/ Chorus/ Levels / SignsIn this workshop we worked in groups of fours and were effrontery a poem to use as a stimulus, the poem was made by a famous author called Maya Angelou. We incorporated the theme of the Rosa parks story with our stimulus and created a short performance. First we read the poem and decided as a group to only use lines than empowered the mental status of our characters as it would help us greatly in our use of physical levels we also had many elements of D.E.S Within our performance we decided to use chorus so that we could help the audience realise the passion that our characters had for what they believe in, as a group we had also decided to do our best to maintain a unprejudiced bold and stern voice when saying our lines so that we increased the knowledge of anger that we were portraying to the audience.At the end of the performance we all stood at different levels on p linths which gave the impression that we were physically and emotionally rising high and higher by the end of the play all of us were standing at attention showing great power through the since of our bodies. finished the positive feedback we received from the audience we could tell that the way in which we had used DES was very successful and that it was a great help to us as many of the audiences feedback pointed out to us whilst being briefed about our performance. I think that by us using a stimulus it helped us to build a story around it in a way that we felt comfortable and therefore I feel that is why this was success.Workshop Three Physical Levels/For this workshop our class was split into two and were given a stage to use as a stimulus as we continued to explore our ideas on the theme of Rosa Parks, our teacher also gave us a set of plinths that were all on different levels, he also said that we were only allowed to stand on the plinths throughout the whole performance l imiting our movement on stage. Our main objective was to create a piece that used all the themes and aspects from our other two workshops on Rosa parks. Before we started to build our story we assigned characters according to our own strengths so that we would be able to achieve the best we could when it came to developing lines that our character would say. To gain the most out of our performance and to use as many useful D.E.S and different drama techniques so that we could enhance the quality of our performance.Our group decided to use thought tracking and still image to play out the scene of when Rosa Parks challenged the bus driver and was arrested and as our space on stage was limited we had decided to use thought tracking and split staging to make our performance effective. All the characters flabby their opinion on Rosa parks refusal to move out of her seat and then one member of our group narrated a scene so that we could add the element of split staging to performance. Wh en we had received feed back from our peers they had greatly expressed their positive views on our use of staging and that having a narrator helped to tell what was going on due to there being a lack of conversation within our performance between our characters. I feel that due to the great organisation of our group and selected role assigning that we were able to pull off the performance well.Pitmen PaintersPlotThe Pitmen Painters was a outstanding historical/ cultural play about a group of taprs in the 1930s that lived in Ashington which is a small town by the salute in Newcastle, it is about 5 men and an unemployed teenager who through art classes explore their own hidden talents using their emotions to express themselves through painting. Through the play they also develop mentally as people and eventually start thinking g a lot more positively and see the world as a place full of opportunity.Sub PlotOut of the whole group of miners Oliver Kilbourn is the main character as he is quick to start a pawn to the cargo hold of real art. His talent in painting and interest also increases due to their raise in public awareness and eventually he meets a rich collector called Helen Sutherland who is a dear fan of his work, they grow to become fair friends but hit a bombshell when Mrs Sutherland ask Oliver to come out of his life-long job of being a miner down in the pits to becoming an artist and working when he wants. Angered by the dignity that Mrs Sunderland is posing although she is unaware of it at the time he declines the offer and loses his temper, but then apologises at a later date and then sets up a union for the miners to help better not just his future but his new found friends and the rest of the pitmen in Ashington.StagingThe stage that we watched the performance on was simplistic and very small compared to the size of others that I have seen at other performances. The scene had only two entrances and exits through which the actors walked thro ugh they were placed at the back of the centre stage and on the stage left. Although there was a great shortage of space all of the actors did use the stage appropriately and to their advantage i.e. during a scene where they are all assessing each others art work the way that the chairs are positioned and the exact border lines that the actors stuck to when moving all the way aimed the length and width of the room.LightingI feel that the lighting used in the performance was excellent because it did not just have the house lights on to show where the actors were, they also had spotlights of many colours which were used in certain scenes which helped set a spew of different atmospheres on stage and in the audience. For instance during the scene where all of the miners go to see an exhibition on traditional Chinese art a white spotlight immediately shone on the faces of the whole group, and then they all froze and listened to Olivers monologue which described the piece of art in a very intense way this also empowered the audience to feel the same passion for the piece as the character did on stage. An overhead projector was also used throughout the play to show the audience the name of the each scene before it started. It was mostly used though to show the pieces of art that the pitmen had drawn, this was very smart because due to the size of the paintings the audience were unable to see the art, but this small setback was obviously countered by the stage crew with the use of a projector.CostumingThroughout the play most of the characters show a very clear line of division that suggest the difference of wealth between them all for instance the Leader of the mine George brown always attendee the art appreciation group in a nice suit and decent polished shoes with his hair slicked back, this tells me that although he works down in the mines he both is very pie-eyed or is a man with great self-conceit who likes to look good. Professor Robert Lyon who comes do wn to run the art group in Ashington wears a variety of suits throughout the performance suggesting that he is wealthy and has a golden pocket watch on display at all times. Now although these two characters dress very well you can clearly notice the difference between them due to the way that they speak and how their tree trunk language is.Sound/VoiceThe performance did not have a lot of sound effects due to the fat that they purely didnt need them and that due to the constant conversation that happened throughout the play it wasnt appreciated, but neither was it missed. The characters voices included many different ranges of pitch and chemical formula such as Helen Sutherland who is a rich middle aged art collector who is very wealthy she speaks with a very sharp, squeaky but strong english accent which suggests that she was taught at a school and wealthy enough to afford an education. Oliver Kilbourn who is another pitman from the Ashington art group speaks with a heavy norther n English accent and also spits his words and mumbles them a lot of the time, this infers to me that he may not be from a good background where the pronunciation of English is paramount in life and education. exactly from the way that all of the characters speak I am able to build my own personality file on every one of them and develop my own ideas on what their characters are like.

Environmental Determinism and Possibilism

Environmental Determinism and Possibilism Shaping and Reshaping spiritedness Since the Beginning of Time Possibilism and Environmental Determinism, both completely various in theory, and yet so very linked in purpose. Environmental Determinism is the image that the environment radiation diagrams its inhabitants, and go away or will not provide for them to effectuate their goals. While Possibilism is the idea that gentleman for this example it will be routinely mankind and not an otherwise speciescan accomplish their goal(s) because it is possible or could become possible with assistance, such(prenominal) as training, tools, equipment, specialized environmental gear, etc.These twain ideas can be almost as conflict-ridden as Creationism and Evolution, with both sides of the urge on drawing lines in the sand and rallying behind them. Hopefully the commentator of this essay will find that Environmental determinism and Possibilism may have different theories, but are not so diff erent when considered towards a problems offset and ultimately its end.Examples of Environmental Determinism could be equatorial viruses that cannot flourish outside tropical zones, bananas and their inability to thrive naturally in Vermont, humans not universe adjusted to breathe under water system, and amusingly pigs not being able to fly. All of these examples are limited to where and what they can do because they cannot escape their environment, as it has shaped them as much as they it. Humans are a terrestrial species, meaning we live and exist on solid write down above sea level.Our bodies have shaped themselves to this environment and we will shape the environment back to continue this trait, thus the chances of humans developing gills for water breathing are ridiculously unlikely without a decidedly vast environmental alternate and a possibly forced evolution to adapt to said new environment. Being concerned with environmental changes and the need to change or adapt , the theory of Possibilism comes into view. Possibilism revolves around using what is available, and with ingenuity and/or engine room making it accomplish what was previously impossible.Possibilism could be a skillset that MacGuiver used frequently, as he would accomplish great feats with the available resources and creativity. Possibilism for the previous tropical virus could involve mutations, or its hosts living in less hospitable regions such as Siberia- but within selective habitable environments like hospitals and other areas that remained relatively temperate. Sometimes it is not about adapting to the environment and thriving, but live on long enough until you can stabilize or at least live.Man was not made to breath water and live under the oceans, its soon impossible. Yet through the use of diving equipment and specialized living environments and vehicles, mankind can temporarily swim among the fish and live among the currents of the seas. Once the episodic assistance is not needed or has been fully integrated and is right off a permanent art of the solution and the normal environments, Environmental Determinism will return and set the rules again until the next required changes.Environmental Determinism can be viewed as a beginning, like creationism, where it shapes and molds its creations to the confines of the strict, limited or just environments allocated. But Possibilism is part of the problem solving portion, where the creation adapts to new environments or factors, failing or thriving until it ultimately dies or thrives under pressure. Those individuals and groups that live and thrive, akin to the idea of evolution per se, will than pass on their skills to the spare-time activity generations until a new factor arises and the whole cycle repeats again.

Praise Song for the Day – Interpretation

approbation Song For The Day November 26, 2012 This numbers, Praise Song for the Day by Elizabeth Alexander, is mavin of the most memorable rimes that have been recited within the last 20 years. Immediately after President Obama was sworn into killice, Elizabeth Alexander recited her poem to the stack that had gathered on that cold winter day in January. The tack on is full of symbolism, with the tone being hopeful, inspiring and thankful.The poem begins with a explanation of daily life which is filled with the daily grind of hard running(a) individuals, often doing the work that drives this great nation of ourssmall businesses, blue-collar laborers, goodly professions such as teaching. The possibility of coming together as a people in spite of our differences is expressed in terms of our linguistic communication (spiny or smooth oral communication to consider, reconsider). From pass on to words to concrete results (e. g. , highways), we interact with each oppositepast a nd present.The boundary of a highway whitethorn ginger up someone today to go barely and see what else is possible, keeping hopeful aspirations alive by see(ing) whats on the other side. At the same time that we fear the uncertainties of the future (which in addition divides us), we screw envision it in terms of its possibilities (We need to find a place where we are safe We walk into that which we cannot to date see). I think she is trying to say that we should also honor the sacrifices of poor, immigrant laborers of the past who do our present reality possible as well as the modern font immigrant laborers who continue to build upon the dreams of their ancestors. Say it plain, that m any(prenominal) have died for this day. Sing the names of the nonviable who brought us here, who laid the train tracks, raised the bridges, picked the cotton and the lettuce, build brick by brick the glittering edifices they would then keep clean and work at bottom of) The resolution of confl icts between people has many routes. For families it may be pass judgment it out at kitchen tables while other conflicts require political movements, struggle, and protest. This poem is a song of praise for such peaceful resolutions and for this historical initiative day which would not have been possible without the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.The religious belief systems of different peoples that allow us to get along with other peoples differ in degree. The poem presents an even stronger concept of love that goes beyond Love thy neighbor as thy self, and even beyond marital, filial, national. near believe the way to unity is to avoid being selfish, not pain sensation others, and treating others as you would your compatriots, your kin, or yourself. This poem suggests there is a love that extends beyond those whom we are familiar with to include a siding pool of light. Finally, in relation to the present day, there is a sense of the immense possibilities (anything can be made, any sentence begun). This is contained in the words that may inspire others to action that may bring such a love juxtaposed toward reality. From disunity ( walk of life past each other) to blindly walking into that which we cannot yet see, this poem now suggests the alternative of go forward in that light channelise by a new vision of a love that may unite us. I focused on the symbolic element of the poem, because I liked the presentation and how it flowed.It made me think about how far weve follow in this country. I believe that Elizabeth draws the reader into the poem just I was drawn, by suggesting that we as a nation that was literally built off the labor of slave labor and indentured servants, has evolved into a country that elected its starting African-American President. Each day we go about our business, walking past each other, catching each others eyeball or not, about to speak or speaking. All about us is noise. All about us is noise and bramble, thorn and din, each one of our ancestors on our tongues. soulfulness is stitching up a hem, darning a quite a little in a uniform, patching a tire, repairing the things in need of repair. Someone is trying to make music somewhere, with a pair of wooden spoons on an oil drum, with cello, boom box, harmonica, voice. A woman and her son wait for the bus. A farmer considers the changing sky. A teacher says, Take out your pencils. Begin. We get together each other in words, words spiny or smooth, utter or declaimed, words to consider, reconsider. We cross dirt roads and highways that mark the will of some one and then others, who saidI need to see whats on the other side. I know theres something better low-spirited the road. We need to find a place where we are safe. We walk into that which we cannot yet see. Say it plain that many have died for this day. Sing the names of the dead who brought us here, who laid the train tracks, raised the bridges, picked the cotton and the lettuce, built bric k by brick the glittering edifices they would then keep clean and work inside of. Praise song for struggle, praise song for the day. Praise song for every hand-lettered sign, the figuring-it-out at kitchen tables.Some live by love thy neighbor as thyself, others by first do no harm or take no much than you need. What if the mightiest word is love? Love beyond marital, filial, national, love that casts a widening pool of light, love with no need to pre-empt grievance. In todays sharp sparkle, this winter air, any thing can be made, any sentence begun. On the brink, on the brim, on the cusp, praise song for walking forward in that light. Alexander, E. (2009, Feb). Retrieved Nov 26, 2012, from Poetry Foundation. org http//www. poetryfoundation. org/poem/244896

Why Was Stalin Able to Become Leader of Russia by 1926?

Why was Stalin able to break d cause leader of Russia by 1926? (7) In January 1924, Lenin, the Leader of the Russian communist ships company died. Trotsky, the leader of the Red army seemed like Lenins successor at the time as he played a major agency in the civil war. Meanwhile, Stalin held two positions Peoples commissar for Nationalities (responsible for the several(predicate) nationalities in the Soviet empire) and General monument (responsible for the day to day cart track of the ships company. He was overly a member of the Politburo, the fellowship leaders who ran the province after Lenins death.They consist of Stalin, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky. As Lenins funeral was organized by Stalin since he was regarded as the societys administrator beca commit of his position as General Secretary, Stalin was able to deliver the oration. This enabled him to portray himself as the chief mourner, and successor to Lenin. Stalin also telegrammed Trotsky the wrong date. Many saw Trotskys absent as disrespect for Lenin who had assumed a God-like status so his reputation was damaged. As a result, Lenins funeral gained Stalin reenforcement and made Trotsky unpopular, contributing to his success in being the leader of Russia.Apart from that, the fact that the Politburo decided not to publish Lenins Testament which contains criticisms of them also contributes to Stalins success. This is because in his testament, Lenin had wanted Stalin removed from his position. Members of the party may not have halted Stalin if they had read the testament containing criticisms of him. They would plausibly support Lenins desire for Stalin to be removed from his position. Apart from modify Stalin to gain support during Lenins funeral, his position as General Secretary also contributes to his success in becoming Russias leader in many ways.As it enabled him to access personal files of party members, Stalin gained information which he could use against his rivals. Furthermore, it also gave him the right to appoint new party members so he appointed his supporters. During Lenin Enrolment between 1923-5, over half a zillion new members joined the party as it gave them privileges. This made them loyal to Stalin as he had allowed them into the party. New members could easily identify with Stalin because of his humble, peasant background and support for Stalin grew. On the other(a) hand, Trotsky was unpopular.He came from a wealthy Jewish background and had a late conversion to Bolshevism. He was an intellectual who appeared arrogant. He also did not cultivate support but worked alone. This could be because of his poor judgment regarding other people. Trotsky also believed in the Permanent Revolution but in contrast, Stalin promoted collectivism in one country. Many feared that Trotskys idea of existence revolution would ruin Russia so support increased for Stalin. In 1924, Trotsky express the partys bureaucracy was too big and wa s working for its own benefit.He was isolated by Stalin as Stalin had joined with Zinoviev and Kamenev to form the Triumvirate. This happened before Lenins death and the aim of this alliance is to prevent Trotsky from being the next party leader. They campaigned against Trotsky by publishing his disagreement s with Lenin during 1903-7. They also use Stalins position as General Secretary and the 1921 ban against factions to remove Trotskys supporters from their influential positions. This led to Trotsky being constantly isolated and outvoted.In 1925, Trotsky was forced to forsake from his position of Commissar for War. Stalin, as a member of the Triumvirate has partly overcome the Left Opposition. However, In April 1926, Zinoviev and Kamenev realized that Stalin is exploiting his position as he used it to appoint his supporters into the party. They joined forces with Trotsky to form the United Opposition. They planned to restore company and Soviet democracy and end the NEP (New Eco nomic Policy). They were defeated in 1926 at the central committee meeting because Stalin called in his support and banned them from speaking.He also used his control of Party Congresses and elections to outvote them. They worked secretly but were and so accused of factionalism (breaking the party) and were expelled from the party. The United Opposition was successfully defeated by Stalin and the party is now full of his supporters. As a conclusion, Stalins political schemes with the service which his position as General Secretary offered enabled him to remove his rivals, gain support and power so he was able to become leader of Russia by 1926. Beatrice 11. 1

Gmo Lab Report

Introduction During the course of this lab, we explored whether or not certain impact regimens contained genetic on the wholey limited Organisms. genetically special food is an important subject in the world today. Ever since Flavr Savr came out with their tomatoes grown from genetically limited seeds in 1994 genetically modified foods has become ever more popular amongst distributors of pay off (Mestel, 2013). The worlds population has grown by around mavin billion in the last decade (US Bureau of the Census).At this rate, Genetically Modified Organisms at heart food products will increase dramatically, but is this for the best? in that location are legion(predicate) risk factors that ache been brought up with genetically modified foods such as potential increase of cancer according to a French translate conducted by Dr. Giles Eric Seralini (Kilham, 2012). Genetically modified food is a popular subject among scientists, as it has been researched quite often. A study was through in the Czech Republic over a course of flipper years (2002- 2007) to test many foods, such as tomatoes and rice, for approved and unapproved Genetically Modified Organisms.Similar to the experiment conducted in the botany lab, the scientists involved in this study used a Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR, method to determine their results (Kyrova, Ostry, Laichmannova, Ruprich, 2010). Enrico Dainese and his partners did another(prenominal) similar study, on soybeans specifically. Like our experiment conducted on the cornbread mix, Dainese and his colleagues followed their PCR results with an Agarose Gel dielectrolysis (Dainese, An jellyucci, De Santis, Maccarr iodine and Cozzani, 2004).An hang onitional experiment closely related to the one performed by my partners and I is a study beare in Brazil to better spy for GMO within their foods sold in markets a other places (Cardarelli, Branquinho, Ferreria, da Cruz and Gemmule, 2005). These articles ground how GMO within foo ds are present all over the world. The reason my lumberman group members and myself are conducting this experiment is to test a sample distribution of processed food (in this case cornbread mix) for any existence of Genetically Modified Organisms exploitation PCR methods. We hypothesize that the cornbread mixture has been genetically modified and herefore will show that in the results. Materials and Methods The purpose of this experiment is to use PCR method to identify genetically modified foods. During the experiment we, as a group, tested a known non- GMO food sample, rolled oats, along with our cornbread mix. We first weighed out 0. 77 g of the non- GMO oatmeal. We then proceeded to add 3. 85 ml (5. 00 ml per 1. 00 g) of distilled water (DW) to the oatmeal and ground them together with a pestle. The same was done with 0. 99 g of the cornbread mix and 4. 95 ml of DW. We pipetted each of these into separate screw-cap tubes consisting of 500 l of an InstaGene solution.These we incubated and centrifuged for approximately 5 minutes each. We then took six PCR tubes and filled them each up, 2 with the non- GMO oatmeal mixture, 2 with the cornbread mixture and 2 with a known GMO despotic substance. The Non- GMO and GMO positives served as rigs for the experiment. One of each of the two tubes contained 20 l of plant MM and GMO MM. The PCR tubes were then placed in a thermal cycler and after this we did an agarose gel electrophoresis to provide us with the necessary data received from bands that shouldve shown up n the gel. ResultsEven though we had followed procedure and accurately mixed the correct tot and type of desoxyribonucleic acid and Master Mix together, as shown in fudge 1, we ended up getting shocking results. Photos were taken of the final gel slab the morning of the experiment (Fig. 1) and that same afternoon (Fig. 2). There seemed to be truly little signs, if any, of Genetically Modified Organisms within the cornbread mixture. TABLE 1. PCR Tu be contents Tube Number Master Mix DNA 1 20 l Plant MM (green) 20 l Non- GMO food control DNA 2 20 l GMO MM (red) 20 l Non- GMO food control DNA 20 l Plant MM (green) 20 l test food DNA 4 20 l GMO MM (red) 20 l test food DNA 5 20 l Plant MM (green) 20 l GMO positive control DNA 6 20 l GMO MM (red) 20 l GMO positive control DNA FIGURE 1. GMO dawn (AM) Agarose Gel dielectrolysis results FIGURE 2. GMO Evening (PM) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis results backchat The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether or not a sample of an off-brand cornbread mix had contained Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). As a result, we determined that on that point were no GMO traces located in the cornbread mix.This could be due to mistakes that may render been made during the procedure such as poor measuring or mixing, misreading results, or the cornbread mix really was not made with genetically modified foods. These results disprove our hypothesis, which stated that we believed there wo uld be GMO traces found within the cornbread mix. It was disappointing to see that we had a negative result while many of the other groups received bold lines on their arag gel indicating that their foods contained high amounts of GMO. I was glad to see that not all processed foods contain it though as in with the results of the Czech Republic study.Out of all the tomatoes and papayas they tested, not one had resulted in the detection of GMO traces (Kyrova, Ostry, Laichmannova, Ruprich, 2010). We knew that the gel was accurately detecting GMO traces in foods by using the GMO positive control. Also to back up our assumptions that the Agarose Gel Electrophoresis results are accurate, it is shown in Daineses, and others, work. He used this method of GMO detection in his study to show that this is an effective way of detecting GMO traces (Dainese, Angelucci, De Santis, Maccarrone and Cozzani, 2004).It is enkindle to see how genecticall modified foods are not only in the US but also in the Czech Republic and even in Brazil markets, where Cardarelli and his associates looked into Roundup Ready soybeans and checked other substances for GMO traces (Cardarelli, Branquinho, Ferreria, da Cruz and Gemmule, 2005). Though I was disappointed to get negative results, I am happy that there was a variety in GMO traces within the whole lab. I dont know if we would have learned much if we all got positive results. It would cause us to unspoilt assume that all processed foods have been genetically altered.The other researchers results intrigued me as to how different they all were yet they were all about the same thing in a sense. This lab has helped me gain how GMO within foods is affective all around the world and doesnt just mean that the food is bigger or tastier, but has been affected by chemicals, both good and bad. Literature Cited Cardarelli, Paola Branquinho R, Maria Ferreria T. B. , Renata da Cruz P, Fernanda Gemmule L, Andre. 2005. Detection of GMO in food products in Brazil the INCQS experience. Food Control. 16(10) 859-866. Dainese, E Angelucci, C De Santis, P Maccarrone, M Cozzani, I. 004. A multiplex PCR-based assay for the detection of genetically modified soybean. Analytical Letters. 37(6) 1139-1150. Kilham, C. What You Need To Know About GM Foods Is Half The Story. 2012 Dec. 07. Forbes Magazine. Kyrova, V Ostry, V Laichmannova, L Ruprich, J. 2010. AN OCCURRENCE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODSTUFFS ON THE Czechoslovakian FOOD MARKET. Acta Alimentaria. 39(4) 387- 396. Mestel, R. 2013 Feb 23. Genetically modified foods Who has to tell?. Los Angeles Times. US Bureau of the Census. flow Population Projections. 2013. www. census. gov.

Sample Cover Letter

Sample Cover Letter 1 Your conjure up Address City, State ZIP Code Phone Date number/Address of Person Receiving your letter Dear Persons touch I am very interested in the Fitness coach position opening at the Los Gatos Sports and Wellness facility. I have a strong learningal background and several professional health and fittingness experiences which I feel uniquely qualify me for this job opportunity. I am currently a certified personal trainer and am terminate my degree in Exercise Science at the University of New Mexico. My education and professional background has provided me extensive organizational and managerial experience.For instance, in my internship at CitiWorld I helped to established the fitness class program, market it, and was closely tortuous in designing the assessment and prescription exercise system today utilized. My Bachelors Degree in Exercise Science is a comprehensive education in anatomy, kinesiology, management concepts in sport and fitness settin gs, industrial plantite wellness, fitness assessment and prescription, stress testing, EKG, and athletic training. I have overly taken courses related to fitness for special populations, such as the elderly.I know working in the fitness industry and feel I am most capable of developing great rapport with the people I help. I am reliable and dependable and take great superbia in my performance as a professional. I am attached to working hard and seeing the challenges I accept lead to palmy outcomes. In addition, I am an energetic team player who works well with co-workers and colleagues. Thank you for providing this opportunity. I would enjoy being a social function of your organizational team and look forward to speaking with you in the devout future. Sincerely,

History on football Essay

The history of Ameri burn football game can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Both games have their line of work in varieties of football played in Britain in the mid-19th century, in which a football is kicked at a goal and/or run everyplace a line.American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp, considered the Father of American football. Among these important changes were the presentation of the line of scrimmage and of down-and-distance rules.123 In the late 19th and early twentieth centuries, gameplay developments by college coaches such as Eddie Cochems, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Knute Rockne, and Glenn Pop Warner helped take advantage of the impertinently introduced forward pass.The popularity of college football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the fall in States for the first half of the 20th century. Bowl games, a college football tradition , attracted a national audience for college teams. Boosted by fierce rivalries, college football even so holds widespread appeal in the US.The origin of professional football can be traced back to 1892, with William Pudge Heffelfingers $500 contract to play in a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. In 1920 the American Professional football Association was formed. This league changed its name to the National Football League (NFL) two years later, and eventually became the major league of American football.Primarily a sport of Midwestern industrial towns in the join States, professional football eventually became a national phenomenon. Footballs increasing popularity is usually traced to the 1958 NFL Championship feeble, a contest that has been dubbed the Greatest Game Ever Played. A rival league to the NFL, the American Football League (AFL), began play in 1960 the pressure it put on the older league led to a merger between the two le agues and the psychiatric hospital of the Super Bowl, which has become the most watched television event in the United States on an annual basis.4

Participation in Unit Discussion Boards for Academic Purposes Essay

technology has currently changed the way mint live in that it has made living(a) and communicating easier for them. One of the most signifi nookyt contributions that technology has given is the Internet. It has allowed people from all over the globe to communicate without the procedure of wires and without having to exert in want manner much effort. More importantly, it has improved the way academic institutions provide instruction to their students.The Internet has given way for realistic universities, which exists in the digital ingenuousness of the Internet, although it would also emergency to have extensions in physical reality for judgment purposes, which could provide chooseional experiences in situated learning (Tiffin & Rajasingham, 2003, p. 136). in that respect atomic number 18 numerous ways on how students and instructors communicate to make distance-learning work. These would include electronic mail, instant messaging, live teleconferencing, specific platfor ms designed for educational purposes, and watchword boards.Tools like these make it possible for students and teachers to exchange information charge if they be miles apart. It gives them the expertness to be flexible in terms of their schedule and workload. It also lessens the salute that they have to shoulder for their education comp bed to that of traditional education because they do not have to spend money on commuting to and from the universitys campus. The foretell of the Internet for education was the interactivity of the medium that allowed the students to interact and actively participate in any learning process (Shimojo, Ischii, Ling, & Song, 2005, p.87). As mentioned earlier, one of the tools that virtual classrooms use is the coverion board, which is an asynchronous communication tool that allows one individual to berth a chin-wagging or question online. Other individuals who are members of the same(p) discussion board may read that colour/question, and respon d with their profess remarks over time (Virginia Tech, n. d. ). Only students and their instructors have access to this site.Instructors may have the discussion boards for their overall course or for a certain paper so that the students are commensurate to communicate and share information in a place where posts are organized and can be introduce and monitored. Discussion boards are beneficial to both students and teachers because it allows them to discuss topics more extensively through and through the aid of the Internet. It would also extend and maximize the time that they need to talk about their lessons and other concerns, as class time is sometimes not enough to cover allthing.Discussion boards provide the opportunity for every student to participate actively in the discussion with the chance of receiving comment and feedbacks not only from the instructor but also from the other students. most(prenominal) of all, discussion boards can be constantly accessed and has the ability to store conversations as is, unless it is deleted by the moderator or instructor who controls the board most of the time. However, because discussion boards are powered by the Internet and technology, it also has its limitations.Although this rarely happens nowadays, power distress can limit the students and teachers capabilities of interacting through the discussion board. Also, students who do not let a personal computer of their own might find it baffling to join in the discussion on a regular basis. There are also those who are afraid of using technology and impart rather communicate personally than use the Internet. Students may also hero-worship miscommunication and misunderstanding, which would lead to conflicts either with other students or with their instructors.Misinterpretations may go dissonant or may take several communications before they are resolved (French, French, Hale, Johnson, & Farr, 1999, p. 145). As such, students might not fully appreciate disc ussion boards and will ultimately have a negative effect on their learning. If students study other Internet-based educational tools over the discussion board, they may not be able to maximize the full potential that virtual classrooms or universities can offer.Although they would ease be able to communicate and interact through other call ups, they would not have the comfort of having their messages and posts arranged chronologically and stored in a safe place over a period of time. non participating in a discussion board would also mean that the students and teachers would have to wait for the class to virtually meet again to discuss their concerns further. However, this would take up the actual class time and some instructors would choose to teach than discuss concerns, which means that students may not be able to talk about other things and interact with each other.Active conjunction and support for discussion boards, therefore, are needed for virtual classrooms to be effec tive. They can be encouraged through incentives like a reward for having the beaver post or comment in the discussion. Instructors should also think of elicit topics to discuss so that the students do not get bored and opt to stay out of the interaction. Also, instructors should require their students to regularly post content and comment on other peoples work. Indeed, technology has proven to be one of best innovation that man has ever seen.This is especially apprehended in the field of education because it has allowed people to receive education even at the comfort of their homes. It has allowed people from different countries of different backgrounds to share information and knowledge with each other. Classes are not limited to their schedules because students can still discuss their concerns over the Internet even after class hours. divers(prenominal) tools are provided to students to maximize their learning process. Discussion boards should be supported and use because it i s one of the best Internet-based educational tools that they can use in virtual classrooms.References French, D. , French, H. , Hale, C. , Johnson, C. , & Farr, G. (1999). Internet Based Learning. Virginia Stylus Publishing, LLC. Shimojo, S. , Ischii, S. , Ling, T. W. , & Song, K. (2005). Web and Communication Technologies and Internet-Related Social Issues. immature York Birkhauser. Tiffin, J. & Rajasingham, L. (2003). The Global Virtual University. New York RoutledgeFalmer. Virginia Tech. (n. d. ). Discussion Boards. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http//www. edtech. vt. edu/edtech/id/ocs/discuss. html

A Lesson Before Dying. “If We Must Die” by Claude Mckay Essay

In the passages If We Must Die by Claude McKay, the speaker go by a spirited t unmatched by using words deal brave, fighting, and honor in sentences throughout the passage to express that the men were not afraid although they were outnumbered. This work of literature teaches the reader that if a group of people can interpose together as whiz they can be more powerful therefore a great population. In the literary work A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest J. Gaines, Jeffersons tone was cowardly/im senesce in the beginning of the book, only if as the book progressed his tone changed to him be more spirited and content.In A Lesson Before Dying we can learn from Jefferson that although someone puts you down, you should be able to ignore it and move on from it with some superciliousness. The speaker and roughage in these workings of literature used different tones throughout the passages. In the poem If We Must Die by Claude McKay, the speaker conveys a adventurous tone throughou t the passage. most examples of the speaker setting a courageous tone argon in the lines If we must check, let it not be equivalent hogs and If we must die, O let us nobly die this means that no matter how anyone treats them, if they die, theyre going to die like men with pride and dignity.Also in the line Though expatiate outnumbered let us show brave, and for there thousand blows deal one death blow this line sets a courageous tone because although they are far outnumbered and the enemies will be much stronger individually, theyre going to come together as one to attack with more intensity then the enemies. The last line that creates a courageous tone is Pressed to the wall, dying, notwithstanding fighting back this means that they fought to the second that they died, dying bravely and with pride. In this passage a courageous tone was set because the speaker talked virtually even though the men knew they were highly outnumbered and out powered, they still fought with pride t o the death.In the book A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest J. Gaines, Jefferson showed a cowardly and immature tone. When Jefferson was called a hog by his defense lawyer in the beginning of the book he couldnt get all over it. Whenever Grant would visit him and try to help, Jefferson would ignore Grant. Even when Grant brought Jefferson forage from Ms. Emma, Jefferson gets on his hands and knees and starts to eat the food as if he was truly a hog. Jefferson began to become obsessed with the fact that he might actually be a hog.Grant thought it was going to be unaccepted to change his attitude, but Grant tells Jefferson that he his a role mystify to the black culture in the community and that Bayonne needs him to have dignity. This is when Jeffersons tone changed to a more spirited and mature tone. He started to mature and engage in conversations with other people. Grant also bought him a radio, which do him saner. Jefferson now started to become content with the fact that he wa s going to die, and when he does die hes going to die with dignity and with a positive aura on the black community.Within these both whole kit and boodle of literature there are tones, which are used to get a point across more easily and put emphasis on certain details. There are also many similarities and differences between the two works. Some similarities are that in both of the passages they wanted to die like men by the end. Also in If We Must Die and A Lesson Before Dying both Jefferson and the speaker were treated like hogs, as well as in both literatures unfortunate situations were occurring throughout the stories. Some differences were that the speaker in If We Must Die had a brighter outlook on things compared to Jefferson who was very negative in the beginning. Another difference is that the speaker overcame being called a hog wanted to die with pride but Jefferson on the other hand was very sensitive about it and took it to the heart. These two works of literature had t heir similarities and differences but for the most part these passages had similar outcomes and tones.

Exxon Mobil Stock Analysis

STOCK ANALYSIS track Exxon Mobil can (XOM) idealistic 15th , 2011 pic Industry Oil and Gas ope proportionalityns Sector Energy Recommendation SELL toll $74. 29 (as of luxurious 15th 2011, 400pm ET) Intrinsic Value $52. 10 or 42. 6% e real(prenominal)wherevalued Fundamentals Grade A Investment Style Large cap Blend CORPORATE INFORMATION pic Location 5959 Las Colinas Boulevard Irving, TX 75039 Phone 972-4441000 autotype 972-4441348 Web Site http//www. exxonmobil. com/ Employees 83,000 Exchange NYSE BUSINESS SUMMARYExxon Mobil Corporation (Exxon Mobil) through its divisions and affiliates is engaged in exploration for, and production of, crude rock fossil fossil oil color and innate(p) gas, manufacture of petroleum products and transportation and sale of crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products. ExxonMobil is the largest integ regularised oil fellowship, with operations in over 200 countries. This globally diversified enterprise produces superior bring backs in it s stemma segments when compared to other major oil and gas companies. Exxon has a strong sleep tack with a change position of approximately $13B and 0. 7 Debt-to equity. Exxon has the liquid and credit to invest in high return projects around the instauration. Prices for oil and gas are evaluate to rise in the foreseeable future. uphill food market growing and increasing need for energy will issue upward pressure on hurts. Exxon will benefit as the worlds largest oil and gas company (by reserves, excluding national oil companies). The medium industry return is 27%, which is greater than that of S&P500 (21%). Exxons all-stock obtain of XTO Energy is dilutive to share holders and non evaluate to make up EPS in 2011 or 2012. Exxons size and breadth of operations make it difficult to bewilder investments large copious to produce market beating result. We expect Exxons growth to slightly lag the overall economy, especially smaller exploration and production companie s that guide better investment opportunities relative to their size. Exxons softness to organically replace reserves means that it must acquire oil and gas assets to supply its operations with replacements for the reserves it consumes. Acquired assets will likely amaze at a high price and produce a reject return. Production from Exxons Upstream segment (exploration and production of oil and gas) has been declining (down 30% since 2006). While the acquisition of XTO will replace some of this lost production, it is anticipate that the company will continue to experience declining production from its existing fields. pick up STATISTICS commercialize roof (intraday)5 360. 57B Enterprise Value (Aug 17, 2011)3 363. 1B Trailing P/E (ttm, intraday) 9. 78 Forward P/E (fye Dec 31, 2012)1 8. 21 flag Ratio (5 yr expected)1 1. 32 Price/Sales (ttm) 0. 91 Price/Book (mrq) 2. 0 Enterprise Value/ revenue enhancement (ttm)3 0. 93 institutional Ownership 49. 12% Earnings recall 9. 28% Return on equity (RoE) 24. 69% 36 month Beta 0. 9 Dividend Yield 2. 48% Profit Margin 8. 51% Current Ratio 0. 97 Debt to equity ratio 0. 07 1Source chawbacon finance http//ycharts. om/companies/XOM/return_on_equity ANALYSIS Exxon Mobil (XOM) is the largest market capitalized oil company in the world which in 2008 obtained the highest quarterly and annual earn in United States history. The Company plans to invest $125 billion over the next five years to develop natural technology, deliver new Upstream projects, increase refining capacity, and grow their Chemical business. Exxon Mobils revenue and attain have increased 60% and 79% respectively in the last 5 years. The Company exhibits a healthy profit tolerance and return on equity of 8. 51% and 20. 4% respectively and maintains an above average earnings cave in of 10. 27%. Exxon Mobil has plenty of liquidity enable the Company to pay all its long-term debt in less than threesome months on profit alone. Exxon Mobil is valued at $52. 1 as of August 15th 2011. The Company is 42. 61% overvalued for the underway price of $74. 29. The PB ratio is slightly above the industry average of 2. 0. Risks to Exxon Mobil include depreciating reserves, fall number of new oil fields, adverse environmental impacts, government regulations, geopolitical risks, market volatility, macroeconomic difficulties, etc.Balance Sheet The balance sheet of XOM is pristine. Debt comprises altogether 9% of total capital, and in a business that is very capital intensive, thats a great sign. The current ratio is let out at 0. 94, slightly lower than the generally accepted safe take aim of 1. $30 billion in earnings in 2010 is more than enough to repay the roughly $15 billion in total debt the company has in only a few years. Return on comeliness The return on equity closely followed the rise of oil prices up until 2008, the fall in 2008- 2009 and the subsequent increase ever since. Right flat Exxon-Mobil has a high return on equity of 20%. presumptuousness the high oil prices, I expect ROE to reach its 2008 highs this year. kinda than focus on absolute values for this indicator, I generally inadequacy to see at least a stable return on equity over time. Dividends Exxon Mobil has paid an increasing dividend for the past 27 years, and fit to their website, averaged 5. 7% over that time period. The most recent increase came on April 27 of this year, when they raised the quarterly payout 6. 8% from $0. 44 to $0. 47 a share. This is an annual raise from $1. 74 to $1. 88, or 8%. Projections 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Dividends Per Share $1. 4 $2. 00 $2. 04 $2. 07 $2. 10 Dividend Growth 11. 7% 2. 7% 2. 4% 1. 3% 1. 3% DIRECT COMPETITOR COMPARISON COP CVX XOM Industry Market Cap 91. 75B 195. 65B 360. 57B 26. 52B Employees 29,900 62,000 83,600 11. 00K Qtrly Rev Growth (yoy) 45. 70% 30. 60% 36. 30% 8. 0% Revenue (ttm) 210. 76B 216. 90B 392. 72B 18. 63B Gross Margin (ttm) 23. 43% 32. 58% 31. 45% 3 2. 51% EBITDA (ttm) 28. 78B 45. 90B 65. 78B 4. 19B operational Margin (ttm) 9. 46% 15. 07% 12. 74% 11. 65% Net Income (ttm) 11. 3B 23. 01B 37. 93B N/A EPS (ttm) 7. 93 11. 45 7. 59 2. 46 P/E (ttm) 8. 43 8. 53 9. 78 12. 94 PEG (5 yr expected) 6. 21 1. 61 1. 32 1. 14 P/S (ttm) 0. 43 0. 90 0. 91 1. 39 P/E ratios are higher for firms with strong growth prospects, other things held constant, but they are lower for riskier firms. All the three companies have P/E lower than the Industry average. Profit margin is very useful when comparingcompanies in similar industries. A higher profit margin indicates a more profitable company thathas better run into overits costs compared toits competitors. Here again, XOM has a relatively good realize of cost. As per the comparison of the ratios with industry average, Exxon Mobil is high performing company with higher ratios than industry standards.Current Market Price (as of 08/17/11) of the Stocks Company pick up Current Market Price Chevro n Corp $92. 02 ConocoPhillips $62. 29 Exxon Mobil $74. 29 EXXON MOBILS INTRINSIC VALUE Current US 90 long time Treasury Bill Rate of Return 3. 5% Historical return on long term Treasury Bond = 5. 8% longsighted term risk free rate = rRF = 5. 8% ( historical return) Return for the market or an average stock(rM) For this project, it is assumed that the historical rate of return for the S&P500 is same as the market risk = 10. 4%. I am using CAPM method to estimate the market risk premium and calculative the historical risk premium by comparing historical to historical rates. The historical risk premium is 10. 4 -5. 8 = 4. 6% undeniable Return on Common StockRequired return on common stock (rS) for Exxon Mobil rS = rRF + (rM rRF)*b = 5. 8% + (10. 4% 5. 8%) * 0. 49 = 8. 05% Dividend Growth Model Common stocks provide an expected future cash flow stream, and a stocks value is found as the present value of the expected future cash flow stream. The expected final stock price includes the return of the original investment positivist an expected capital gain. The expected cash flow consists of two elements 1. the dividends expected in each year. 2. the price investors expect to receive when they sell the stock.Formula1 P hat 0 = D1/rS g Where P hat 0 = indwelling value of the stock today as seen by the investor D1 = D0 (1 + g) = expected dividend in the first year. D0 = recent dividend paid g = expected dividend growth rate. rS = compulsory rate of return Formula2 r hat S = D1/P0 + g Where r hat S = expected rate of return D1/P0 = expected dividend yield P0 = actual market price of the stock today. g = expected growth rate or capital gains yield. One would buy the stock only if expected rate of return is equal to or greater than unavoidable rate of return. For Exxon Mobil D0 = $1. 8 g = 5. 7 % rS = 8. 05% P0 = 1. 38 (1+ 0. 057)/ (0. 085 0. 057) = 1. 457/ 0. 0280 = $52. 1 The current price is greater than intrinsic value, the Exxon Mobil stock is ove rvalued by $22. 20 r hat S = 1. 96% + 5. 7% = 7. 66% The expected rate of return is less than required rate of return, which means investor will not buy. Conclusion SELL Comparing the averaged value of $52. 10 and the closing price on 08/15/11 of $74. 29, XOM is adversely overpriced price, with an approximate 42. 6% difference. At this point in time, I think Exxon Mobils risks outstrip the potential opportunity here.While I feel the dividend is safe (at a 25% payout ratio) and the current yield is adequate (2. 48%), the Companys ability to increase the payout and create outsized returns for investors is limited by the Companys cyclical market and wispy consensus estimates. Sources http//financialanalysisonline. com/ http//www. thedividendpig. com/? p=1395 http//investing. money. msn. com/investments/stock-price? symbol=xom http//www. stock-analysis-on. net/NYSE/Company/Exxon-Mobil-Corp/Valuation/RatiosCurrent-Valuation-Ratios http//www. dailyfinance. com/2011/08/08/big-oil-ou tlook-major-oil-stocks-with-bullish-opti/? ource=TheMotleyFool http//www. exxonmobil. com/ incarnate/Files/news_pubs_sar_2010. pdf http//www. exxonmobil. com/corporate/investor_dividend. aspx http//ycharts. com/companies/XOM/price_to_book_value http//financialanalysisonline. com 1 1 Data provided by Thomson Reuters 2 Data provided by EDGAR Online 3 Data derived from multiple sources or calculated by Yahoo Finance 4 Data provided by Morningstar, Inc. 5 Shares outstanding is interpreted from the most recently filed quarterly or annual report and Market Cap is calculated using shares outstanding.